Since the end of 2020, many vaccines have been developed, including messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 ), adjuvanted recombinant protein vaccines (Novavax), and adenoviral vector vaccines (ChAdOx1-S vaccine and ). The extremely contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Retinal vascular occlusion may not be a coincidental finding after COVID-19 vaccination. This large multicenter study strengthens the findings of previous cases. Additionally, individuals with first and second dose of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 had significantly increased risk of retinal vascular occlusion 2 years following vaccination, while no disparity was detected between brand and dose of vaccines. The risk of retinal vascular occlusion significantly increased during the first 2 weeks after vaccination and persisted for 12 weeks.
The cumulative incidence of retinal vascular occlusion was significantly higher in the vaccinated cohort compared to the unvaccinated cohort, 2 years and 12 weeks after vaccination. Individuals with COVID-19 vaccination had a higher risk of all forms of retinal vascular occlusion in 2 years after vaccination, with an overall hazard ratio of 2.19 (95% confidence interval 2.00–2.39). To compare the risk of retinal vascular occlusion, we employed multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models after performing a 1:1 propensity score matching between the vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts. We excluded individuals with a history of retinal vascular occlusion or those who used any systemic medication that could potentially affect blood coagulation prior to vaccination. This retrospective cohort study used the TriNetX global network and included individuals vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccines between January 2020 and December 2022. We aimed to investigate the risk of retinal vascular occlusion after COVID-19 vaccination. Emerging evidence has been reported however, the causality between the two is debatable.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are associated with several ocular manifestations.
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